Metodología para incrementar la velocidad de reacción durante la defensa personal en cadetes

La preparación física, como parte del entrenamiento de los cadetes, busca poner en óptimo estado al practicante, perfecciona sus aptitudes naturales y desarrolla al máximo sus capacidades físicas por medio de ejercicios sistemáticos. En ese sentido, la velocidad de reacción durante la defensa personal constituye un importante aspecto a tratar; sin embargo, la observación y análisis de la realidad educativa en el Instituto de Enseñanza Superior del Ministerio del Interior, en Santiago de Cuba, reveló insuficiencias que limitan el logro de altos niveles en la velocidad de reacción. El objetivo del estudio consistió en elaborar una metodología para el desarrollo de la velocidad de reacción durante la defensa personal, en los cadetes de la carrera Ciencias de la Seguridad del Estado del Ministerio del Interior. En esa línea de pensamiento, se realizó una investigación con enfoque mixto y diseño cuasi experimental que empleó como métodos empíricos la revisión documental, la observación científica y la entrevista no estructurada; se utilizó la estadística inferencial por medio de la prueba de rangos de Wilcoxon para muestras relacionadas, lo que permitió conocer la eficiencia de los ejercicios especiales que se aplicaron. La calidad de la metodología quedó corroborada por los resultados obtenidos en la aplicación del criterio de expertos en la variante "Delphi" y del prexperimento, confirmados por diferentes técnicas estadísticas que resaltan la funcionalidad, sostenibilidad, pertinencia y factibilidad de la propuesta.

A preparação física, como parte do treinamento dos cadetes, busca colocar o praticante em ótimas condições, aperfeiçoar suas aptidões naturais e desenvolver ao máximo suas capacidades físicas por meio de exercícios sistemáticos. Nesse sentido, a velocidade de reação durante a defesa pessoal é um aspecto importante a ser abordado; no entanto, a observação e a análise da realidade educacional no Instituto de Ensino Superior do Ministério do Interior, em Santiago de Cuba, revelaram insuficiências que limitam a obtenção de altos níveis de velocidade de reação. O objetivo do estudo foi elaborar uma metodologia para o desenvolvimento da velocidade de reação durante a autodefesa, em cadetes do curso de Ciências de Segurança do Estado do Ministério do Interior. Nessa linha de pensamento, foi realizada uma pesquisa com abordagem mista e desenho quase experimental, utilizando como métodos empíricos a revisão documental, a observação científica e a entrevista não estruturada; foi utilizada a estatística inferencial por meio do teste de postos de Wilcoxon para amostras relacionadas, o que permitiu conhecer a eficiência dos exercícios especiais aplicados. A qualidade da metodologia foi corroborada pelos resultados obtidos na aplicação de critérios de especialistas na variante "Delphi" e no pré-experimento, confirmados por diferentes técnicas estatísticas que destacam a funcionalidade, a sustentabilidade, a relevância e a viabilidade da proposta.

Physical preparation, as part of training of the cadets, seeks to put the practitioner in optimal condition, perfects their natural aptitudes and develops their physical capabilities to the maximum through systematic exercises. In this sense, the speed of reaction during self-defense is an important aspect to address; however, the observation and analysis of the educational reality at the Institute of Higher Education of the Ministry of the Interior, in Santiago de Cuba, revealed insufficiencies that limit the achievement of high levels in reaction speed. The objective of the study was to develop a methodology for the development of reaction speed during self-defense, in the cadets of the State Security Sciences career of the Ministry of the Interior. In this line of thought, research was carried out with a mixed approach and quasi-experimental design that used documentary review, scientific observation and unstructured interviews as empirical methods; inferential statistics was used through the Wilcoxon rank test for related samples, which made it possible to know the efficiency of the special exercises that were applied. The quality of the methodology was corroborated by the results obtained in the application of expert criteria in the "Delphi" variant and of the pre-experiment, confirmed by different statistical techniques that highlight the functionality, sustainability, relevance and feasibility of the proposal.

Low prevalence of secondary endosymbionts in aphids sampled from rapeseed crops in Germany.

Peach-potato aphids, Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera:Aphididae), and cabbage aphids, Brevicoryne brassicae Linnaeus (Hemiptera:Aphididae), are herbivorous insects of significant agricultural importance. Aphids can harbour a range of non-essential (facultative) endosymbiotic bacteria that confer multiple costs and benefits to the host aphid. A key endosymbiont-derived phenotype is protection against parasitoid wasps, and this protective phenotype has been associated with several defensive enodsymbionts. In recent years greater emphasis has been placed on developing alternative pest management strategies, including the increased use of natural enemies such as parasitoids wasps. For the success of aphid control strategies to be estimated the presence of defensive endosymbionts that can potentially disrupt the success of biocontrol agents needs to be determined in natural aphid populations. Here, we sampled aphids and mummies (parasitised aphids) from an important rapeseed production region in Germany and used multiplex PCR assays to characterise the endosymbiont communities. We found that aphids rarely harboured facultative endosymbionts, with 3.6% of M. persicae and 0% of B. brassicae populations forming facultative endosymbiont associations. This is comparable with endosymbiont prevalence described for M. persicae populations surveyed in Australia, Europe, Chile, and USA where endosymbiont infection frequencies range form 0-2%, but is in contrast with observations from China where M. persicae populations have more abundant and diverse endosymbiotic communities (endosymbionts present in over 50% of aphid populations).

BLAME-LESS STUDY: a two-arm randomized controlled trial evaluating the effects of an online psychoeducation programme for adolescents who have experienced physical/sexual violence or sexual abuse. Rationale, study design, and methods.

Background: Victims of physical/sexual violence or sexual abuse commonly experience defense responses that result in feelings of guilt and shame. Although trauma-focused interventions are effective in treating post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, the presence of trauma-related shame and guilt can potentially hinder the process of disclosure during treatment, thus diminishing their overall effectiveness. It is hypothesized that providing psychoeducation about common defense responses will reduce feelings of shame and guilt, thereby increasing receptivity to trauma-focused treatment.Objective: This paper describes the rationale, study design, and methods of the BLAME-LESS study. The effects of a brief online psychoeducation program will be compared with a waiting-list control group. The intervention aims to reduce feelings of trauma-related shame and guilt that adolescents experience regarding their own defense responses during and after physical/sexual violence or sexual abuse.Methods: Adolescents (12 - 18 years old) with a history of physical/sexual violence or sexual abuse who suffer from trauma-related feelings of shame and guilt can participate in the study. The study follows a two-arm RCT that includes 34 participants. The primary outcomes includes trauma-related feelings of shame and guilt. The secondary outcomes includes PTSD symptoms, anxiety and depression symptoms, traumatic cognitions, readiness to disclose details of memories of the trauma, and motivation to engage in trauma-focused therapy. Assessments take place after screening, at baseline, two weeks after allocation to the intervention or waiting-list, and, only for the waiting-list participants, seven weeks after allocation to the intervention.Conclusions: There is a need for treatment approaches that target trauma-related feelings of shame and guilt. A recently developed brief online psychoeducation program on defense responses during and after trauma offers victims of physical/sexual violence or sexual abuse a free and accessible way to obtain reliable and valid information. The proposed RCT will evaluate the effectiveness of this online psychoeducation program.Trial Registration: Request is pending.

Some defense responses to physical/sexual violence or sexual abuse, such as tonic immobility and appeasement behaviour, are common but unknown and raise feelings of shame and guilt.BLAME-LESS (In Dutch: On(t)schuldig) is a newly developed online psychoeducation programme that aims to reduce feelings of trauma-related shame and guilt. This programme includes explanatory animations, in-depth interviews with experts and victims, and written information accompanied by case reports.The proposed study examines the effectiveness of the brief online psychoeducation programme BLAME-LESS in a well-controlled study.

High specificity of symbiont-conferred resistance in an aphid-parasitoid field community.

Host-parasite coevolution is mediated by genetic interactions between the antagonists and may lead to reciprocal adaptation. In the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae fabae, resistance to parasitoids can be conferred by the heritable bacterial endosymbiont Hamiltonella defensa. H. defensa has been shown to be variably protective against different parasitoid species, and different genotypes of the black bean aphid's main parasitoid Lysiphlebus fabarum. However, these results were obtained using haphazard combinations of laboratory-reared insect lines with different origins, making it unclear how representative they are of natural, locally (co)adapted communities. We therefore comprehensively sampled the parasitoids of a natural A. f. fabae population and measured the ability of the five most abundant species to parasitize aphids carrying the locally prevalent H. defensa haplotypes. H. defensa provided resistance only against the dominant parasitoid L. fabarum (70% of all parasitoids), but not against less abundant parasitoids, and resistance to L. fabarum acted in a genotype-specific manner (G × G interactions between H. defensa and L. fabarum). These results confirm that strong species- and genotype-specificity of symbiont-conferred resistance is indeed a hallmark of wild A. f. fabae populations, and they are consistent with symbiont-mediated adaptation of aphids to the parasitoids posing the highest risk.

Psychophysiological reactions during the trauma-film paradigm and their predictive value for intrusions.

Background: Adequate adaptation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is crucial in potentially life-threatening situations. The defence cascade provides a descriptive model of progressing dominant physiological reactions in such situations, including cardiovascular parameters and body mobility. The empirical evidence for this model is scarce, and the influence of physiological reactions in this model for predicting trauma-induced intrusions is unresolved.Objectives: Using a trauma-film paradigm, we aimed to test physiological reactions to a highly stressful film as an analogue to a traumatic event along the defence cascade model. We also aimed to examine the predictive power of physiological activity for subsequent intrusive symptoms.Method: Forty-seven healthy female participants watched a stressful and a neutral film in randomized order. Heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), and body sway were measured. Participants tracked frequency, distress, and quality of subsequent intrusions in a diary for 7 consecutive days.Results: For the stressful film, we observed an initial decrease in HR, followed by an increase, before the HR stabilized at a high level, which was not found during the neutral film. No differences in HRV were observed between the two films. Body sway and trembling frequency were heightened during the stressful film. Neither HR nor HRV predicted subsequent intrusions, whereas perceived distress during the stressful film did.Conclusions: Our results suggest that the physiological trauma-analogue response is characterized by an orientation response and subsequent hyperarousal, reaching a high physiological plateau. In contrast to the assumptions of the defence cascade model, the hyperarousal was not followed by downregulation. Potential explanations are discussed. For trauma-associated intrusions in the subsequent week, psychological distress during the film seems to be more important than physiological distress. Understanding the interaction between physiological and psychological responses during threat informs the study of ANS imbalances in mental disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder.

We used a trauma-film analogue to examine the defence cascade model and to investigate the influence of psychophysiological response on subsequent intrusions.While we found an orientation phase, upregulation phase, and coactivation indicated by heart rate, no downregulation phase was observed.None of the physiological parameters examined predicted subsequent intrusions, whereas subjective distress during the film did.

O empoderamento de indivíduos com deficiência auditiva: revisão de literatura / The empowerment of individuals with hearing impairment: literature review / El empoderamiento de las personas con pérdida auditiva: revisión de la literatura

Introdução: o empoderamento está atrelado à autoadvocacia e a aprendizagem de ambos por pessoas com deficiência é fundamental para que essas conquistem o poder pessoal de gerir seus destinos. Objetivo: elencar as estratégias de intervenção utilizadas para o empoderamento do indivíduo com deficiência auditiva. Metodologia: realizou-se busca nas bases de dados Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Public Medicine Library (PubMed) e na ferramenta de buscas Google Acadêmico, por meio do cruzamento de descritores previamente selecionados. Foram incluídos estudos que avaliassem, propusessem estratégias ou discutissem sobre o empoderamento do indivíduo com deficiência auditiva. Resultados: Foram encontrados 186 estudos. Destes, 18 foram lidos na íntegra e 11 foram incluídos nesta revisão. O ano de publicação dos estudos variou de 2011 a 2021. Os estudos incluídos discutem, em algum momento, sobre o empoderamento de indivíduos com deficiência auditiva, porém a minoria propõe e relata resultados de estratégias de intervenção para trabalhar esse aspecto. Os estudos propõem que o empoderamento inicie por meio dos pais, nos centros de intervenção precoce. O empoderamento dos adolescentes com deficiência auditiva faz-se extremamente necessário e estratégias de intervenção em grupo podem ser benéficas para este fim. Somente um estudo brasileiro propôs uma estratégia de intervenção para essa população. Conclusão: O empoderamento deve começar por meio dos pais, logo após o diagnóstico da deficiência auditiva. Adolescentes podem tornar-se modelos para seus pares quanto a esse aspecto e adultos devem ser empoderados antes da adaptação do dispositivo de escuta. (AU)

Introduction: empowerment is linked to self-advocacy and the learning of both by people with disabilities is essential for them to conquer the personal power to manage their destinies. Purpose: to list the intervention strategies used for the empowerment of individuals with hearing impairment. Methodology: a search was carried out in the Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS), Public Medicine Library (PubMed) databases and in the Google Scholar search engine, by crossing previously selected descriptors. Studies that evaluated, proposed strategies or discussed the empowerment of individuals with hearing impairment were included. Results: 186 studies were found. Of these, 18 were read in full and 11 were included in this review. The year of publication of the studies ranged from 2011 to 2021. The included studies discuss, at some point, the empowerment of individuals with hearing impairment, but the minority proposes and reports results of intervention strategies to work on this aspect. The studies propose that empowerment start through parents, in early intervention centers. The empowerment of adolescents with hearing impairment is extremely necessary and group intervention strategies can be beneficial for this purpose. Only one Brazilian study proposed an intervention strategy for this population. Conclusion: Empowerment must start through the parents, right after the diagnosis of hearing loss. Adolescents can become role models for their peers in this regard and adults must be empowered before adapting the listening device. (AU)

Introducción: el empoderamiento está vinculado a la autogestión y el aprendizaje de ambos por parte de las personas con discapacidad es fundamental para que adquieran el poder personal para gestionar sus destinos. Objetivo: enumerar las estrategias de intervención utilizadas para el empoderamiento de las personas con discapacidad auditiva. Metodología: se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos de Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud (LILACS), Public Medicine Library(PubMed) y en el buscador Google Scholar, cruzando descriptores previamente seleccionados. Se incluyeron estudios que evaluaron, propusieron estrategias o discutieron el empoderamiento de las personas con discapacidad auditiva. Resultados: Se encontraron 186 estudios. De estos, 18 se leyeron en su totalidad y 11 se incluyeron en esta revisión. El año de publicación de los estudios osciló entre 2011 y 2021. Los estudios incluidos discuten, en algún momento, el empoderamiento de las personas con discapacidad auditiva, pero la minoría propone e informa resultados de estrategias de intervención para trabajar en este aspecto. Los estudios proponen que el empoderamiento comience a través de los padres, en los centros de intervención temprana. El empoderamiento de los adolescentes con discapacidad auditiva es extremadamente necesario y las estrategias de intervención grupal pueden ser beneficiosas para este propósito. Solo un estudio brasileño propuso una estrategia de intervención para esta población. Conclusión: El empoderamiento debe comenzar con los padres, inmediatamente después del diagnóstico de pérdida auditiva. Los adolescentes pueden convertirse en modelos a seguir para sus compañeros en este sentido y los adultos deben empoderarse antes de adaptar el dispositivo de escucha. (AU)

Derecho a la defensa de funcionarios policiales inmersos en procesos penales por actos de servicio en Venezuela / Right to defence of police officers involved in criminal proceedings for acts of service in Venezuela / Direito à defesa dos policiais envolvidos em processos criminais por atos de serviço na Venezuela

El derecho a la defensa es una garantía que forma parte del debido proceso de conformidad con lo pautado en la Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Los funcionarios que forman parte de los órganos policiales colaboran con el Ministerio Público en la persecución de hechos delictivos, y en el ejercicio de sus funciones pueden incurrir en conductas que den lugar a la instrucción de procedimientos en su contra, por lo que la investigación analizó el derecho a la defensa de funcionarios policiales en procesos por actos de servicio en la Policía del Estado Mérida. Se realizó un estudio de campo, descriptivo, cualitativo y se aplicó un cuestionario contentivo de diez preguntas con varias alternativas de respuestas a una muestra de 50 personas. Los resultados permitieron inferir que las situaciones de servicio se generan principalmente por aprehensiones en flagrancia y procedimientos de captura, en cuyo cumplimiento los funcionarios pueden incurrir en irregularidades que den lugar a la apertura de investigaciones disciplinarias y penales, razón por la cual se requiere de una defensa pública especializada. Se concluyó que el derecho a la defensa se hará valer en las instancias administrativas y jurisdiccionales, y se recomienda la puesta en funcionamiento de la Defensoría Pública con competencia en materia penal policial.

The right to a defence is a guarantee that forms part of due process in accordance with the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Police officers collaborate with the Public Prosecutor's Office in the prosecution of criminal acts, and in the exercise of their duties may engage in conduct that may lead to proceedings being brought against them. For this reason, the research analysed the right to defence of police officers involved in proceedings for acts of service in the Mérida State Police. A descriptive, qualitative field study was carried out and a questionnaire containing ten questions with several alternative answers was applied to a sample of 50 people. The results allowed us to infer that service situations are mainly generated by apprehensions in flagrante delicto and arrest procedures, in which officials may incur in irregularities that lead to the opening of disciplinary and criminal investigations, which is why specialised public defence is required. It was concluded that the right to defence should be asserted in administrative and jurisdictional instances, and it is recommended that a Public Defence Office with competence in police criminal matters be set up.

O direito à defesa é uma garantia que faz parte do devido processo legal, de acordo com a Constituição da República Bolivariana da Venezuela. Os funcionários que fazem parte dos órgãos policiais colaboram com o Ministério Público a persecução de fatos delituosos e, no exercício de suas funções, podem ter condutas que podem levar à instauração de processos contra eles. Por essa razão, na pesquisa, foi analisado o direito de defesa dos policiais em processos por atos de serviço na Polícia Estadual de Mérida. Foi realizado um estudo de campo descritivo e qualitativo e um questionário com 10 perguntas com várias alternativas de resposta foi aplicado a uma amostra de 50 pessoas. Os resultados permitiram inferir que as situações de serviço são geradas principalmente por apreensões em flagrante delito e procedimentos de prisão, nos quais os agentes podem incorrer em irregularidades que levam à abertura de investigações disciplinares e criminais, razão pela qual é necessária a defesa pública especializada. Concluiu-se que o direito de defesa deve ser afirmado nas instâncias administrativas e jurisdicionais, sendo recomendada a criação da Defensoria Pública com competência em matéria penal policial.

Acción colectiva, movilización social y defensa territorial en colombia: análisis de la producción académica en las primeras dos décadas del siglo xxi

Este artículo analiza la producción académica relacionada con la acción colectiva, movilización social y defensa territorial en Colombia durante las últimas dos décadas (2000-2020). Para esto, se parte de un contexto de conflicto social, político y económico, comenzando con la Política de Defensa y Seguridad Democrática y finalizado con la implementación de los acuerdos de paz con las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC). Se soporta en referentes teóricos propios del estudio de la acción colectiva, los movimientos sociales y la defensa territorial tanto de la escuela anglosajona clásica como en la escuela latinoamericana contemporánea. La metodología implementada es documental, relacional y espacial, incluso trabajos doctorales hechos en Colombia y artículos en revistas académicas a escala global. Lo anterior evidencia el crecimiento en la cantidad de este tipo de trabajos, sus principales temas y vacíos, así como la distribución espacial de los casos de estudio abordados.

This article analyzes the academic production related to the processes of collective action, social mobilization and territorial defense in Colombia during the last two decades (2000-2020). A context of social, political, and economic conflict is taken as a starting point. Beginning with the Democratic Security policy and ending with the implementation of the peace agreements with the FARC. This work is supported by theoretical references typical of the study of collective action, social movements, and territorial defense, both from the classical Anglo-Saxon tradition, as well as the contemporary Latin American one. The analysis is based on a documentary, relational and spatial methodology, which includes the review of doctoral works done in Colombia, and articles in academic journals on a global scale. The above evidences the growth in the amount of this type of work, its main themes as well as its gray areas, also the spatial distribution of the case studies addressed.

Labels and the Self: Identity Labels as Scaffold.

This paper considers how labels may be used: "Neurodiverse," "genderfluid," "sex-positive," "ADHD," and "highly-sensitive" are just some of the labels that may be offered by patients in introducing themselves. Such labels can be thought of as shortcuts, a way to define identity and sum up a feeling state, attitude, or behaviour. While they may sometimes be "given" in the sense of a diagnosis, they are also "found" and self-adopted. Using scaffolding as a metaphor for allowing growth or development to take place (or compensate for its absence), the phenomenon of self-labelling is presented as fulfilling different functions, namely: Label as mirrored reflection; Label as creative defence; Label as something with which to play; Label as container for that which cannot yet be known; Label as calling something into being; and Label as collective dream image. The article starts with three brief composite clinical sketches, and goes on to explore some of the ways that labels may be used with reference to the presented clinical material.

Cet article s'intéresse à notre utilisation d'étiquettes: « neurodivergent," « fluide de genre ¼, « sexpositif ¼, « TDAH ¼, « hypersensible," voilà juste quelques-unes des étiquettes qui peuvent nous être offertes par des patients quand ils se présentent à nous. De telles dénominations peuvent se comprendre comme des raccourcis, comme une manière de définir l'identité et de résumer un état émotionnel, une attitude ou un comportement. Alors qu'elles peuvent parfois être « données ¼ dans le sens d'un diagnostic, elles sont aussi « trouvées ¼ et la personne se les réapproprie. Utilisant l'échafaudage en tant que métaphore de ce qui permet à la croissance et au développement de se produire (ou de compenser leur absence), le phénomène de s'auto-étiqueter remplit différentes fonctions: l'étiquette comme reflet en miroir, l'étiquette comme défense créatrice, l'étiquette comme quelque chose avec quoi on peut jouer, l'étiquette comme contenant pour ce qui ne peut pas encore être connu, l'étiquette comme appel à l'existence de quelque chose, et l'étiquette comme image collective de rêve. L'article commence par trois esquisses cliniques composites. Il explore ensuite quelques-unes des manières dont les étiquettes peuvent être utilisées, en faisant référence au matériel clinique présenté.

Este artículo analiza cómo las etiquetas pueden ser utilizadas: "Neurodiverso," "génerofluido," "sexo-positivo," "ADHD" y "altamente-sensible" son sólo algunas de las etiquetas que pueden ofrecer los pacientes al presentarse a sí mismos. Estas etiquetas pueden considerarse atajos, una forma de definir la identidad y resumir un estado de ánimo, una actitud o un comportamiento. Aunque a veces se "dan" en el sentido de un diagnóstico, también se "encuentran" y se autoadoptan. Utilizando el andamiaje como metáfora para permitir que se produzca el crecimiento o el desarrollo (o compensar su ausencia), el fenómeno del autoetiquetado se presenta como el cumplimiento de diferentes funciones, a saber: Etiqueta como reflejo espejado; Etiqueta como defensa creativa; Etiqueta como algo con lo que jugar; Etiqueta como contenedor de lo que aún no puede ser conocido; Etiqueta como llamada a algo para que nazca; y Etiqueta como imagen de sueño colectivo. El artículo comienza con tres breves esbozos clínicos compuestos y, a continuación, explora algunas de las formas en que pueden utilizarse las etiquetas en relación con el material clínico presentado.

Defensive symbiosis in the wild: Seasonal dynamics of parasitism risk and symbiont-conferred resistance.

Parasite-mediated selection can rapidly drive up resistance levels in host populations, but fixation of resistance traits may be prevented by costs of resistance. Black bean aphids (Aphis fabae) benefit from increased resistance to parasitoids when carrying the defensive bacterial endosymbiont Hamiltonella defensa. However, due to fitness costs that come with symbiont infection, symbiont-conferred resistance may result in either a net benefit or a net cost to the aphid host, depending on parasitoid presence as well as on the general ecological context. Balancing selection may therefore explain why in natural aphid populations, H. defensa is often found at intermediate frequencies. Here we present a 2-year field study where we set out to look for signatures of balancing selection in natural aphid populations. We collected temporally well-resolved data on the prevalence of H. defensa in A. f. fabae and estimated the risk imposed by parasitoids using sentinel hosts. Despite a marked and consistent early-summer peak in parasitism risk, and significant changes in symbiont prevalence over time, we found just a weak correlation between parasitism risk and H. defensa frequency dynamics. H. defensa prevalence in the populations under study was, in fact, better explained by the number of heat days that previous aphid generations were exposed to. Our study grants an unprecedentedly well-resolved insight into the dynamics of endosymbiont and parasitoid communities of A. f. fabae populations, and it adds to a growing body of empirical evidence suggesting that not only parasitism risk, but rather multifarious selection is shaping H. defensa prevalence in the wild.

Secondary symbionts affect aphid fitness and the titer of primary symbiont.

Bacterial symbionts associated with aphids are important for their ecological fitness. The corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), is one of the most damaging aphid pests on maize and has been reported to harbor Hamiltonella defensa and Regiella insecticola while the effects of the secondary symbionts (S-symbionts) on host ecology and primary symbiont Buchnera aphidicola remain unclear. Here, four aphid strains were established, two of which were collected from Langfang - Hebei Province, China, with similar symbiont pattern except for the presence of H. defensa. Two other aphid strains were collected from Nanning - Guangxi Province, China, with the same symbiont infection except for the presence of R. insecticola. Phylogenetic analysis and aphid genotyping indicated that the S-symbiont-infected and free aphid strains from the same location had identical genetic backgrounds. Aphid fitness measurement showed that aphid strain infected with H. defensa performed shortened developmental duration for 1st instar and total nymph stages, reduced aphid survival rate, offspring, and longevity. While the developmental duration of H-infected strains was accelerated, and the adult weight was significantly higher compared to the H-free strain. Infection with R. insecticola did not affect the aphid's entire nymph stage duration and survival rate. As the H-strain does, aphids infected with R. insecticola also underwent a drop in offspring, along with marginally lower longevity. Unlike the H-infected strain, the R-infected strain performed delayed developmental duration and lower adult weight. The B. aphidicola titers of the H-infected strains showed a steep drop during the aphid 1st to 3rd instar stages, while the augmentation of B. aphidicola titers was found in the R-infected strain during the aphid 1st to 3rd instar. Our study investigated for the first time the effect of the S-symbionts on the ecology fitness and primary symbiont in R. maidis, indicating that infection with secondary symbionts leads to the modulation of aphid primary symbiont abundance, together inducing significant fitness costs on aphids with further impact on environmental adaptation and trophic interactions.

Development and Validation of the Self-efficacy for Writing and Defending Academic Texts Scale1 / El desarrollo y la validación de la escala de autoeficacia para escribir y defender textos académicos

Writing and defending a thesis is a requirement to earn a university degree. Previous findings indicate that self-efficacy is related to academic performance. However, no existing tools register students’ perception of efficacy towards writing and defining academic texts. Our purpose was to develop and validate such a scale. Scale scores content, structural, convergent, and criterion-related validity as well as the measurement invariance across sex was evaluated using data from 418 students from 23 Spanish universities. Our findings showed that the scale holds a unidimensional structure that is invariant across sex. Data also supported the convergent validity, with correlations with self-efficacy and anxiety measures. The scale could track the effect of an educational intervention designed to improve students’ writing and defending academic texts skills, and the scores were related to performance on a writing task. Norms are provided to facilitate the interpretation of the scale scores.(AU)

Redactar y defender una tesina es un requisito para obtener un título universitario. La investigación previa indica que la autoeficacia está relacionada con el rendimiento académico. Sin embargo, no existen instrumentos que registren la percepción de la eficacia de los estudiantes para escribir y definir textos académicos. Nuestro objetivo fue desarrollar y validar una escala de este tipo. Se recopilaron pruebas de validez de contenido, estructural, convergente y de criterio y de invarianza de medida entre sexos, utilizando datos de 418 estudiantes de 23 universidades españolas. La escala presenta una estructura unidimensional invariante en cuanto al sexo. También se encontraron correlaciones con medidas de autoeficacia y ansiedad. La escala pudo seguir el efecto de una intervención educativa diseñada para mejorar las habilidades de escritura y defensa de textos académicos, y se encontró relación con el rendimiento en una tarea de escritura. Se proporcionan baremos para interpretar las puntuaciones.(AU)

An aphid symbiont confers protection against a specialized RNA virus, another increases vulnerability to the same pathogen.

Insects often harbour heritable symbionts that provide defence against specialized natural enemies, yet little is known about symbiont protection when hosts face simultaneous threats. In pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum), the facultative endosymbiont Hamiltonella defensa confers protection against the parasitoid, Aphidius ervi, and Regiella insecticola protects against aphid-specific fungal pathogens, including Pandora neoaphidis. Here, we investigated whether these two common aphid symbionts protect against a specialized virus A. pisum virus (APV), and whether their antifungal and antiparasitoid services are impacted by APV infection. We found that APV imposed large fitness costs on symbiont-free aphids and these costs were elevated in aphids also housing H. defensa. In contrast, APV titres were significantly reduced and costs to APV infection were largely eliminated in aphids with R. insecticola. To our knowledge, R. insecticola is the first aphid symbiont shown to protect against a viral pathogen, and only the second arthropod symbiont reported to do so. In contrast, APV infection did not impact the protective services of either R. insecticola or H. defensa. To better understand APV biology, we produced five genomes and examined transmission routes. We found that moderate rates of vertical transmission, combined with horizontal transfer through food plants, were the major route of APV spread, although lateral transfer by parasitoids also occurred. Transmission was unaffected by facultative symbionts. In summary, the presence and species identity of facultative symbionts resulted in highly divergent outcomes for aphids infected with APV, while not impacting defensive services that target other enemies. These findings add to the diverse phenotypes conferred by aphid symbionts, and to the growing body of work highlighting extensive variation in symbiont-mediated interactions.

The SickKids Caribbean Initiative to improve care for children with cancer and blood disorders / La iniciativa SickKids para el Caribe para mejorar la atención a pacientes pediátricos con cáncer o trastornos hematológicos / Iniciativa SickKids no Caribe: melhorar o atendimento a crianças com câncer e doenças hematológicas

ABSTRACT To improve pediatric hematology and oncology outcomes, there is a recognized potential for partnerships between low- and high-resource institutions within health care systems. The SickKids Caribbean Initiative is a partnership between health care professionals at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Canada, and seven Caribbean institutions across six countries (Bahamas, Barbados, Jamaica, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago). The primary aim of the SickKids Caribbean Initiative has been to improve the outcomes and the quality of life of children in the Caribbean aged <18 years who have cancer and blood disorders. This article describes five key activities undertaken within the SickKids Caribbean Initiative, including providing education and training, assisting with case consultations and diagnostic services, developing local oncology databases, engaging in advocacy and ensuring stakeholder engagement, and coordinating administration and project management.

RESUMEN Las colaboraciones de instituciones de recursos bajos y altos dentro de los sistemas de atención de salud tienen un potencial reconocido para mejorar las respuestas a los tratamientos hematológicos y oncológicos pediátricos. La iniciativa SickKids para el Caribe es una asociación entre profesionales de la salud del Hospital for Sick Children de Toronto (Canadá) y siete instituciones de seis países del Caribe (Bahamas, Barbados, Jamaica, Santa Lucía, San Vicente y las Granadinas y Trinidad y Tabago). El objetivo principal de la iniciativa SickKids para el Caribe ha sido mejorar la respuesta a los tratamientos y la calidad de vida de los menores de 18 años del Caribe con cáncer o trastornos hematológicos. En este artículo se describen cinco actividades clave emprendidas en el marco de la iniciativa SickKids para el Caribe, consistentes en impartir formación y capacitación, prestar asistencia en materia de consultas de pacientes y servicios de diagnóstico, crear bases de datos locales en el área de la oncología, participar en actividades de promoción y garantizar la participación de las partes interesadas, y coordinar la administración y gestión de proyectos.

RESUMO Há um potencial reconhecido para parcerias entre instituições com poucos e muitos recursos dentro dos sistemas de saúde para melhorar os resultados de hematologia e oncologia pediátricas. A iniciativa SickKids no Caribe é uma parceria entre profissionais de saúde do Hospital for Sick Children em Toronto, Canadá, e sete instituições em seis países do Caribe (Bahamas, Barbados, Jamaica, Santa Lúcia, São Vicente e Granadinas e Trinidad e Tobago). O objetivo principal da iniciativa SickKids no Caribe tem sido melhorar os desfechos e a qualidade de vida das crianças caribenhas com menos de 18 anos que têm câncer e doenças hematológicas. Este artigo descreve cinco atividades principais realizadas no âmbito da iniciativa SickKids no Caribe: oferecimento de educação e capacitação; assistência em consultas de casos e serviços diagnósticos; desenvolvimento de bancos de dados locais em oncologia; promoção da causa, assegurando o envolvimento das partes interessadas; e coordenação da administração e da gestão de projetos.

Investigación científica en el campo de la infancia: consideraciones sobre la aplicabilidad de los requisitos éticos / Scientific research study on childhood: considerations on the applicability of ethical requirements / Pesquisa científica no campo da infância: considerações sobre a aplicabilidade dos requisitos éticos

El artículo aborda un tema particularmente sensible para la investigación científica como lo son los estudios que involucran directamente a niños y niñas. El valor social y la relevancia científica de la investigación en este campo es indudable, sin embargo, su justificación requiere especial detenimiento en las condiciones para el ejercicio de sus derechos antes, durante y después del proceso de investigación. La naturalización de su denominación como "población vulnerable" y el ejercicio de su autonomía relativa, son dos dimensiones principales aquí. El artículo navega por preguntas que no se resuelven aquí precisamente, ¿qué garantías para el proceso efectivo de asentimiento informado?, ¿cómo acompañar en la toma de decisiones sin sustituir al niño y la niña? Sin embargo, sí avanza en la instalación de dilemas y aspectos conceptuales y reflexivos sustantivos en la práctica científica.

The article deals with a particularly sensitive topic for scientific research, such as research studies that directly involve boys and girls. The social value and scientific relevance of research in this field is unquestionable; however, its justification requires special care regarding the conditions of children's rights before, during and after the research process. The naturalization of their denomination as a "vulnerable population" and the exercise of their relative autonomy are the two main dimensions of this study. This paper explores questions that are not answered in it precisely: what guarantees informed consent during the effective process? How to accompany the decision making process without replacing the boy and the girl? However, the study makes progress regarding the setting of substantive conceptual and reflective dilemmas and aspects in scientific practice.

O artigo trata de um tema particularmente sensível para a pesquisa científica, os estudos que envolvem diretamente meninos e meninas. O valor social e a relevância científica da pesquisa neste campo é inquestionável, porém, sua justificativa requer cuidados especiais nas condições de exercício dos direitos da criancas, durante e após o processo de pesquisa. A naturalização de sua denominação como "população vulnerável" e o exercício de sua autonomia relativa são as duas dimensões principais deste paper. O artigo explora por questões que não são aqui resolvidas de forma precisa: quais sao as garantias para o processo efetivo de assentimento informado? Como acompanhar o proceso da tomada de decisões sem substituir o menino e a menina? No entanto, realizamos um avanço na instalação de dilemas e aspectos conceituais e reflexivos substantivos na prática científica.

Advocacia do paciente na valorização do ser social e da família em tempos de COVID-19 / Defensa del paciente en la valoración del ser social y la familia en tiempos de COVID-19 / Patient advocacy in valuing social and family being in times of COVID-19

Resumo Objetivo compreender as estratégias utilizadas pelos enfermeiros intensivistas diante das situações que demandaram a advocacia do paciente, envolvendo a valorização do ser social e familiar no cenário da pandemia de COVID-19. Método estudo qualitativo, descritivo e exploratório, realizado nas cinco regiões do Brasil. Participaram do estudo 25 enfermeiros intensivistas. Os dados foram coletados por meio de uma entrevista semiestruturada e, posteriormente, submetidos à análise textual discursiva. Resultados os enfermeiros advogaram perante a equipe de saúde e pela presença da família dentro da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Com a pandemia de COVID-19, foram estabelecidas novas estratégias para advogar, promovendo a aproximação, de forma virtual, entre enfermeiros, pacientes e familiares, bem como a permanência dos familiares no ambiente de terapia intensiva, quando necessário, para que os enfermeiros conhecessem melhor o paciente e integrassem a família ao cuidado. Considerações finais e implicações para a prática as estratégias utilizadas para agir em prol do paciente se deram por meio da aproximação entre enfermeiros e familiares; por meio da instrução de familiares para que advoguem pelo paciente; e pela defesa da presença familiar dentro da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva.

Resumen Objetivo comprender las estrategias utilizadas por los enfermeros de cuidados intensivos frente a situaciones que exigían la defensa del paciente, involucrando la valorización del ser social y familiar en el escenario de la pandemia de COVID-19. Método estudio cualitativo, descriptivo y exploratorio, realizado en las cinco regiones de Brasil. 25 enfermeras de cuidados intensivos participaron en el estudio. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de una entrevista semiestructurada y posteriormente sometidos al análisis textual discursivo. Resultados los enfermeros abogaron ante el equipo de salud y por la presencia de la familia en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Con la pandemia del COVID-19, se establecieron nuevas estrategias para abogar, promoviendo el acercamiento virtual entre enfermeros, pacientes y familiares, así como la permanencia de los familiares en el ambiente de cuidados intensivos cuando sea necesario, para que los enfermeros puedan conocerse entre sí. mejorar al paciente e integrar a la familia en el cuidado. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica las estrategias utilizadas para actuar en nombre del paciente se llevaron a cabo a través del acercamiento entre enfermeras y familiares; instruyendo a los familiares para que defiendan al paciente; y por la defensa de la presencia familiar dentro de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos.

Abstract Objective to understand the strategies used by intensive care nurses in the face of situations that required patient advocacy, involving the appreciation of social and family being during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method this is a qualitative, descriptive and exploratory study, carried out in the five regions of Brazil. A total of 25 intensive care nurses participated in the study. Data were collected through a semi-structured interview and subsequently subjected to discursive textual analysis. Results nurses advocated before the health team and for the family's presence within the Intensive Care Unit. With the COVID-19 pandemic, new strategies were established to advocate, promoting virtual rapprochement between nurses, patients and family members as well as the permanence of family members in intensive care environments when necessary so that nurses could know patients better and integrate the family into care. Conclusion and implications for practice the strategies used to act on behalf of patients were carried out for rapprochement between nurses and family members; for instructing family members to advocate for patients; and for the defense of family presence within the Intensive Care Unit.

Fisiología respiratoria: mecanismos de defensa del sistema respiratorio / Defense mechanisms of the respiratory system

El sistema respiratorio cumple múltiples funciones no respiratorias, entre ellas es fundamental su rol en la defensa del organismo frente a una gran variedad de agentes externos potencialmente nocivos. Para ello, cuenta con mecanismos de protección de la vía aérea, dado por sus estructuras anatómicas, reflejos y el transporte mucociliar, además de un complejo y amplio desarrollo del sistema inmune pulmonar. El objetivo de este articulo es revisar los conceptos y componentes más importantes de función defensiva del sistema respiratorio.

The respiratory system fulfills multiple non-respiratory functions, including its role in defending the body against a wide variety of potentially harmful external agents. For this, it has airway protection mechanisms, given by its anatomical structures, reflexes and mucociliary transport, as well as a complex and extensive development of the pulmonary immune system. The objective of this article is to review the most important concepts and components of the defensive function of the respiratory system.

Analysis of the health advocacy concept from the perspective of the evolutionary method / Análisis del concepto abogacía de salud bajo la óptica del método evolucionario / Análise de conceito advocacia em saúde sob a ótica do método evolucionário

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the concept of Health Advocacy from the methodological framework of the Evolutionary Model. Method: The concept of interest was evaluated from the perspective of published studies identified in the databases: Web of Science, CINAHL, EMBASE, SCOPUS, MEDLINE and articles of interest. The attributes were determined from 19 scientific productions. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis, proposed by Bardin. Results: The following operational definition was obtained: Health Advocacy is an intentional action, implemented jointly and in favor of individuals and communities, especially for those who suffer from health inequalities, with the aim of preserving and improving health, well-being and empowerment for health promotion. Final considerations: Thus, a broader concept of Health Advocacy was abstracted, from the micro to the macro, which contemplates the development of the patient's autonomy; includes individuals and groups in care plans and involves them in political activities as possibilities to provide assistance and correct health inequalities.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar el concepto de Abogacía de Salud a partir del referencial metodológico del Modelo Evolucionista. Método: El concepto de interés fue evaluado bajo la perspectiva de estudios publicados e identificados en los bancos de datos: Web of Science, CINAHL, EMBASE, SCOPUS, MEDLINE y artículos de interés. Los atributos se establecieron a partir de 19 producciones científicas. Los datos se analizaron con el análisis temático, propuesto por Bardin. Resultados: Se obtuvo una definición operativa: La Abogacía de la Salud es una acción intencional, implementada conjuntamente y a favor de individuos y colectividades, especialmente de aquellos que sufren inequidades en la salud, con el objetivo de preservar y mejorar la salud, el bienestar y el empoderamiento para la promoción de la salud. Consideraciones finales: Se abstrajo un concepto más amplio de Abogacía de la Salud, de lo micro a lo macro, en el que se contempla el desarrollo de la autonomía del paciente; incluye a individuos y grupos en los planes de atención y los involucra en las actividades políticas como una posibilidad de brindarles atención y corregir las desigualdades en salud.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar o conceito de Advocacia em Saúde a partir do referencial metodológico do Modelo Evolucionista. Método: O conceito de interesse foi avaliado na perspectiva dos estudos publicados e identificados nos bancos de dados: Web of Science, CINAHL, EMBASE, SCOPUS, MEDLINE e artigos de interesse. Os atributos foram determinados a partir de 19 produções científicas. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se a análise temática, proposta por Bardin. Resultados: Obteve-se como definição operacional: a Advocacia em Saúde, configurada como ação de caráter intencional, implementada em conjunto e em prol de indivíduos e coletividades, especialmente para os que sofrem com iniquidades em saúde, com o objetivo de preservar e melhorar a saúde, o bem-estar e o empoderamento para a promoção da saúde. Considerações finais: Assim, foi abstraído um conceito de Advocacia em Saúde mais abrangente, do micro ao macro, em que contempla o desenvolvimento da autonomia do paciente; inclui indivíduos e grupos nos planos de cuidados e envolve-os em atividades políticas como possibilidades de fornecer assistência e corrigir desigualdades em saúde.

Actions of a cancer surveillance technical group based on the perspective of advocacy / Acciones de un grupo técnico de vigilancia del cáncer desde una perspectiva de advocacy / Ações de um grupo técnico de vigilância do câncer na perspectiva do advocacy

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze epidemiological surveillance actions for people with cancer based on the perspective of advocacy. Method: Qualitative study, Convergent Care Research type, combined with the framework of health advocacy. It was carried out in the Epidemiological Surveillance of the Health Department of a municipality in the southern region of Brazil. Results: Eleven health service professionals participated in the study, from June 2020 to July 2021, making up 14 group meetings. Two aspects were discussed: (1) problems involving the management of the work process in the network services, directly influencing user assistance; and (2) issues related to the training management of the professional who works at these services, where the lack of knowledge regarding the legislation leads to serious consequences for the users. Conclusion: The advocacy strengthened health defense concepts and ideas, mobilizing actions related to cancer, acting as a bridge between the members of the group and the sectors holding power to change circumstances that prevent compliance with public policies and current legislation.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar las acciones de vigilancia epidemiológica de personas con cáncer desde una perspectiva de advocacy. Método: Estudio cualitativo, del tipo Investigación Convergente Asistencial, combinado con el referente de advocacy en salud. Realizado en la Vigilancia Epidemiológica del Departamento de Salud de un municipio de la región sur de Brasil. Resultados: Participaron 11 profesionales de los servicios de salud, entre junio de 2020 y julio de 2021, conformando 14 encuentros grupales. Se discutieron dos aspectos: (1) problemas relacionados con la gestión del proceso de trabajo en los servicios de red, que influyen directamente en la atención al usuario; y (2) problemas relacionados con la gestión de la formación del profesional que atiende estos servicios, donde el desconocimiento de la legislación trae graves consecuencias para los usuarios. Conclusión: La advocacy fortaleció conceptos y concepciones de defensa de la salud, movilizando acciones relacionadas con el cáncer, actuando como puente entre los integrantes del grupo y los sectores que detentan el poder para modificar circunstancias que impiden el cumplimiento de las políticas públicas y la legislación vigente.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar as ações de vigilância epidemiológica para pessoas com câncer na perspectiva do advocacy. Método: Estudo qualitativo, do tipo Pesquisa Convergente Assistencial, aliado ao referencial da advocacia em saúde. Realizado na Vigilância Epidemiológica da Secretaria de Saúde de um município na região Sul do Brasil. Resultados: Participaram 11 profissionais de serviços de saúde, entre junho de 2020 a julho de 2021, perfazendo 14 reuniões do grupo. Discutiram-se dois aspectos: (1) problemas envolvendo a gestão do processo de trabalho nos serviços da rede, que influenciam diretamente na assistência ao usuário; e (2) problemas relacionados à gestão da formação do profissional que atende nestes serviços, onde o desconhecimento relativo às legislações traz consequências graves para os usuários. Conclusão O advocacy fortaleceu conceitos e concepções de defesa à saúde, mobilizando ações relativas ao câncer, atuando como uma ponte entre os membros do grupo e os setores que detêm poder para modificar circunstâncias que impeçam o cumprimento das políticas públicas e da legislação vigente.

Partnering to implement the Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer in the Americas: prioritizing systems strengthening / Alianzas para ejecutar la Iniciativa Mundial contra el Cáncer Infantil en la Región de las Américas: priorizar el fortalecimiento de los sistemas / Parceria para implementar a Iniciativa Global para o Câncer Infantil nas Américas: priorização do fortalecimento dos sistemas

ABSTRACT Working with PAHO/WHO to prioritize childhood cancer in the context of systems strengthening is central to St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (SJCRH)'s role as WHO Collaborating Centre for Childhood Cancer. This manuscript focuses on how SJCRH and PAHO/WHO have partnered to apply C5 (Country Collaboration for Childhood Cancer Control) to define and implement priority actions regionally, strengthening Ministry programs for childhood cancer, while implementing the Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer since 2018. Using C5, a tool developed by SJCRH, PAHO/WHO and SJCRH co-hosted regional/national workshops engaging authorities, clinicians and other stakeholders across 10 countries to map health systems needs and prioritize strategic activities (spanning Central America, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Brazil and Uruguay). SJCRH provided English/Spanish/Portuguese C5 versions/templates for analysis/prioritization exercises, and worked with PAHO/WHO and country teams to implement C5, analyze findings, and develop outputs. In an eight-country regional workshop, countries defined priorities within national/regional initiatives and ranked their value and political will, incorporating country-specific surveys and stakeholder dialogues. Each country prioritized one strategic activity for 2022-2023, exchanged insights via storytelling, and disseminated and applied results to inform country-specific and regional action plans. National workshops analyses have been incorporated into cancer control planning activities and collaborative work regionally. Implementation success factors include engaging actors beyond the clinic, enabling flexibility, and focusing on co-design with stakeholders. Joint implementation of C5 catalyzed prioritization and accelerated strategic activities to improve policies, capacity, and quality of care for children in the Americas, supporting Ministries to integrate childhood cancer interventions as part of systems strengthening.

RESUMEN La colaboración con la OPS/OMS para priorizar el cáncer infantil en el contexto del fortalecimiento de los sistemas es fundamental para la labor del St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (SJCRH) como centro colaborador de la OMS contra el cáncer infantil. Este artículo se centra en la alianza entre el SJCRH y la OPS/OMS en la aplicación de la herramienta C5 (colaboración nacional para el control del cáncer infantil) para definir y ejecutar medidas prioritarias a nivel regional, fortalecer los programas contra el cáncer infantil del ministerio y poner en marcha la Iniciativa Mundial contra el Cáncer Infantil desde el 2018. Con C5, una herramienta elaborada por el SJCRH, la OPS/OMS y este hospital organizaron conjuntamente talleres regionales y nacionales con autoridades, personal médico y otras partes interesadas en diez países para determinar cuáles son las necesidades de los sistemas de salud y priorizar las actividades estratégicas (en América Central, República Dominicana, Haití, Brasil y Uruguay). El SJCRH proporcionó versiones y plantillas de C5 en inglés, español y portugués para actividades de análisis y priorización y trabajó con la OPS/OMS y los equipos de país para ejecutar la herramienta C5, analizar los resultados y elaborar productos. En un taller regional de ocho países, se definieron las prioridades en las iniciativas regionales y nacionales, se clasificó su valor y la voluntad política y se incorporaron encuestas específicas para cada país y diálogos con las partes interesadas. Cada país priorizó una actividad estratégica para el período 2022-2023, intercambió ideas por medio de narrativas, y difundió y aplicó los resultados para fundamentar planes de acción tanto regionales como específicos para el país. Los análisis de los talleres nacionales se han incorporado a las actividades de planificación del control del cáncer y al trabajo colaborativo a nivel regional. Entre los factores de éxito de la ejecución se encuentra involucrar a los agentes más allá de lo clínico, permitir que haya flexibilidad y centrarse en un diseño elaborado en colaboración con las partes interesadas. La ejecución conjunta de la herramienta C5 catalizó la priorización y aceleró las actividades estratégicas para mejorar las políticas, la capacidad y la calidad de la atención infantil en la Región de las Américas y brindó apoyo a los ministerios para integrar las intervenciones contra el cáncer infantil en el fortalecimiento de los sistemas.

RESUMO A colaboração com a OPAS/OMS para priorizar o câncer infantil no contexto do fortalecimento dos sistemas é fundamental para o papel do St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (SJCRH) como Centro Colaborador da OMS para o Câncer Infantil. Este artigo mostra como o SJCRH e a OPAS/OMS se associaram para aplicar a ferramenta C5 (Colaboração Nacional para Controle do Câncer Infantil), com o propósito de definir e implementar ações prioritárias regionalmente, fortalecendo programas ministeriais para o câncer na infância, durante a implementação da Iniciativa Global para o Câncer Infantil desde 2018. Com auxílio da C5, uma ferramenta desenvolvida pelo SJCRH, a OPAS/OMS e o SJCRH organizaram conjuntamente oficinas regionais/nacionais com a participação de autoridades, profissionais de saúde e outras partes interessadas em 10 países, com a finalidade de mapear as necessidades dos sistemas de saúde e priorizar atividades estratégicas (abrangendo América Central, República Dominicana, Haiti, Brasil e Uruguai). O SJCRH forneceu versões/modelos da C5 em inglês, espanhol e português para exercícios de análise/priorização e colaborou com a OPAS/OMS e as equipes dos países para implementar a C5, analisar resultados e desenvolver produtos. Em uma oficina regional com oito países, foram definidas as prioridades das iniciativas nacionais/regionais e classificados seu valor e vontade política, incorporando levantamentos nacionais e diálogos entre as partes interessadas. Cada país priorizou uma atividade estratégica para 2022-2023, trocou conhecimentos por meio da narração de histórias e disseminou e aplicou os resultados para informar planos de ação nacionais e regionais. As análises das oficinas nacionais foram incorporadas às atividades de planejamento para controle do câncer e ao trabalho conjunto no âmbito regional. Entre os fatores de êxito da implementação estão o engajamento de agentes de fora do segmento da saúde, a oferta de flexibilidade e a ênfase no planejamento conjunto com as partes interessadas. A implementação conjunta da C5 catalisou a priorização e acelerou atividades estratégicas para aprimorar as políticas, a capacidade e a qualidade da atenção às crianças nas Américas, apoiando os ministérios na integração das intervenções contra o câncer infantil como parte do fortalecimento dos sistemas.